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What Is Acacetin?

Acacetin(CAS Number: 480-44-4) is a 4′-O-methylated flavone derived from the parent compound apigenin. It is naturally present in various plants, including Robinia pseudoacacia (black locust), Turnera diffusa (damiana), Betula pendula (silver birch), and the fern Asplenium normale. Its molecular formula is C16H12O5, with a molecular weight of approximately 284.27 g/mol. Acacetin typically appears as a yellow to light yellow crystalline powder. It is well-known for its potent biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cancer properties, making it a valuable compound in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications.In terms of physical properties, Acacetin is sparingly soluble in water but dissolves well in organic solvents such as ethanol and methanol. It has a relatively high melting point, ranging from 255°C to 257°C, which indicates its stability under moderate thermal conditions. These properties, combined with its bioactive potential, have made Acacetin a focus of research in the fields of natural product chemistry and therapeutic development.

Chemical and Plant-Based Sources of Acacetin

Acacetine is a natural flavonoid compound known for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and cardiovascular protective properties. It can be obtained through chemical synthesis or extracted from plants.Chemical Sources

1. Synthetic Pathways
   • Acacetin can be synthesized in laboratories using aromatic compounds (such as phenols or other flavonoids) as starting materials. The process typically involves multiple chemical reactions, including hydroxylation and methylation.
   • One common synthetic route uses luteolin as a precursor, converting its 4′-hydroxy group into a methoxy group via methylation to produce acacetin.
2. Advantages
   • Chemical synthesis provides a high-purity product suitable for large-scale industrial production.
   • It ensures consistent quality and quantity, making it ideal for applications like pharmaceuticals or cosmetics.

Plant-Based Sources

1. Primary Plant Sources
   • Acacetin occurs naturally in various medicinal and aromatic plants, such as:
     • Scutellaria baicalensis (Baikal skullcap)
     • Coriandrum sativum (Coriander)
     • Dalbergia odorifera (Rosewood)
     • Camellia sinensis (Tea plant)
2. Extraction Methods
   • Common techniques for extracting acacetin from plants include:
     • Solvent Extraction: Using ethanol or methanol to isolate flavonoid compounds.
     • Separation and Purification: Employing liquid-liquid partitioning and column chromatography to obtain high-purity acacetin.
     • Modern Techniques: Methods like ultrasonic-assisted extraction or supercritical fluid extraction improve efficiency and reduce solvent usage.
3. Advantages of Plant-Based Sources
   • Plant-extracted acacetin is ideal for markets emphasizing natural products, such as dietary supplements and functional foods.
   • The extraction process often yields other synergistic plant compounds, enhancing overall bioactivity.

Chemical synthesis of acacetin is efficient and consistent, making it suitable for large-scale industrial use, while plant-based extraction emphasizes natural origin and multifunctionality, especially in the health and food sectors. The choice between the two depends on production costs, target markets, and intended applications.

What Does Acacetin Do?

Acacetin, a naturally occurring O-methylated flavone, exhibits its biological activities through multiple molecular mechanisms contributing to its diverse pharmacological effects. As a flavonoid, its core structure enables interaction with various cellular targets, particularly those involved in inflammatory and oxidative processes.Acacetin’s primary mechanism involves modulating inflammatory pathways by inhibiting key signalling molecules. It effectively suppresses the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), leading to reduced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Additionally, Acacetin inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), further contributing to its anti-inflammatory properties.On the molecular level, Acacetin demonstrates significant antioxidant capabilities through direct and indirect mechanisms. It directly scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS) through its flavonoid structure. It indirectly enhances cellular antioxidant defence systems by activating Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which regulates the expression of antioxidant enzymes. Furthermore, Acacetin has shown promise in cancer prevention and treatment through multiple pathways, including the induction of apoptosis via mitochondrial-dependent pathways, cell cycle arrest, and inhibition of angiogenesis through VEGF signalling suppression. Recent research has also revealed its potential as an anti-arrhythmic agent through its ability to modulate various ion channels, particularly potassium channels, in cardiac tissue.

How To Produce Acacetin Powder?

1. Grondstofselectie: High-purity resorcinol and heptyl halide derivatives are sourced as primary starting materials. All reagents must meet pharmaceutical-grade specifications (>99% purity) and undergo thorough testing for impurities, moisture content, and heavy metals.
2. Initiële reactieopstelling: The Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction is set up by combining resorcinol with an aluminium chloride catalyst in an appropriate solvent system (typically dichloromethane) at a controlled temperature (0-5°C) under an inert atmosphere.
3. Reactiecontrole: The heptyl halide is added dropwise while maintaining temperature. The reaction progress is monitored via TLC/HPLC until completion (typically 4-6 hours). Temperature and acid catalyst concentration are carefully controlled.
4. Product Formation: The alkylation reaction is monitored carefully to ensure selective mono-methylation at the 5-position. The reaction mixture is maintained under precise conditions to minimize the formation of di-alkylated products.
5. Product Isolation: The reaction mixture undergoes careful hydrolysis with ice-cold water and extraction with appropriate organic solvents. The organic layer containing the product is separated and concentrated.
6. Purification Process: The crude product undergoes multiple purification steps, including column chromatography for primary separation and recrystallization for final purification. Special attention is paid to removing catalyst residues.
7. Final Processing: The purified product is dried under a vacuum at a controlled temperature (35-40°C) until it is at a constant weight. It is milled to achieve a uniform particle size according to specifications if necessary.
8. Kwaliteitsanalyse: The final product undergoes comprehensive testing, including HPLC analysis for purity (>98%), structure confirmation via NMR/MS, physical parameter testing (melting point, particle size), and stability studies.

Specificatieblad referentie

Acacetin: Benefits, Side Effects, and More

1. Anti-inflammatory Properties: Research from the Journal of Inflammation (2019) demonstrated a significant reduction in inflammatory markers, showing a 38% decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines compared to control groups. However, these findings primarily come from animal studies with limited human clinical trials.
2. Neuroprotective Effects: Studies from Neuroscience Research (2020) documented protection against oxidative stress in neural tissue, showing a 30% reduction in neuronal damage markers. However, these results are predominantly from laboratory studies with minimal human validation.
3. Sleep Enhancement: Clinical research published in Sleep Medicine (2018) indicated improved sleep quality through GABA receptor modulation, with participants showing 25% better sleep scores. However, most studies focused on animal models rather than human subjects.
4. Anxiety Reduction: Research in Psychopharmacology (2021) showed anxiolytic properties, demonstrating a 20% decrease in anxiety-related behaviours. However, these findings primarily come from rodent studies lacking extensive clinical validation.
5. Antioxidant Activity: Studies from Free Radical Biology (2020) indicated potent free radical scavenging abilities, showing 45% higher antioxidant capacity. However, most data comes from in vitro research rather than controlled human trials.
6. Cancer Cell Growth Inhibition: The Journal of Cancer Research (2019) demonstrated anti-proliferative effects on cancer cells, showing 35% inhibition rates. However, these findings are based mainly on cell culture studies with limited clinical application research.

Bijwerkingen

Acacetin is generally considered safe when used within recommended dosages. However:

• Digestive Issues: High doses may cause mild stomach upset or discomfort.
• Drug Interactions: May interact with medications for blood pressure, hormones, or anticoagulants.

Is het legaal?

1. Verenigde Staten (FDA): Permitted in dietary supplements but not approved as a drug or food additive.
2. Europese Unie (EU): Used in nutritional supplements and subject to regulatory safety assessments.
3. Andere landen

1. • Canada: Recognized under Health Canada guidelines for natural health products.
   • Australië: Approved for use in supplements regulated by the TGA.

About Acacetin uses

1. Dietary Supplements: Commonly included in formulations to support hormonal health, cardiovascular function, and overall wellness.
2. Cosmetics: Used in anti-ageing and skin-brightening products for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
3. Pharmaceutical Research: Studied for its potential in cancer therapies and metabolic health interventions.

Aanbevolen dosering en gebruik

• Dietary Supplements: Typical dosages range from 50 mg to 200 mg per day.
• Onderzoek Toepassingen: Dosages may vary depending on the study protocol.

How to store acacetin powder?

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and moisture. Seal the container tightly to prevent contamination and degradation.

Acacetin VS Apigenin

When comparing these flavonoid compounds, Acacetin (CAS: 480-44-4) and Apigenin (CAS: 520-36-5) represent closely related flavones with subtle but significant structural differences. Acacetin, with its molecular formula C16H12O5 and molecular weight of 284.26 g/mol, is the 4′-methylated derivative of Apigenin, while Apigenin, bearing the molecular formula C15H10O5 and molecular weight of 270.24 g/mol, has a free hydroxyl group at the 4′ position.Physically, both appear as pale yellow to yellow crystalline powders, with Acacetin showing lower water solubility (<0.1 mg/mL at 25°C) due to its increased lipophilicity from the methyl group. In contrast, Apigenin demonstrates slightly better water solubility (0.13 mg/mL at 25°C) but still maintains poor water solubility. Their mechanisms of action share many similarities as flavonoids but differ in key aspects: Acacetin shows enhanced blood-brain barrier penetration and potentially more robust GABA receptor modulation due to its increased lipophilicity, while Apigenin exhibits broader antioxidant activity due to its additional free hydroxyl group.From a stability perspective, both compounds show good stability under standard storage conditions, though Apigenin demonstrates slightly higher susceptibility to oxidation due to its additional free hydroxyl group. The bioavailability profiles also contrast: Acacetin typically shows better absorption and tissue distribution due to its increased lipophilicity. Apigenin undergoes more extensive conjugation during first-pass metabolism, potentially affecting its bioavailability.

Conclusie

Acacetin is a versatile flavonoid with significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hormonal benefits. Whether derived from natural sources or synthesized, it offers potential applications in dietary supplements, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.Note: This compound is intended for research use only.

Why Choose Nutri Avenue Supplier to Buy Acacetin Powder?

Nutri Avenue, an FDA-registered supplier of raw materials for dietary supplements, specializes in providing high-quality ingredients to supplement product manufacturers of all sizes, contract manufacturers, and private labels. Distinguished by our extensive capabilities in bulk packaging and wholesale pricing, we maintain five local inventories across the United States, offering thousands of raw material products to meet diverse manufacturing needs.Our commitment to quality is evidenced through complete third-party testing, certificates, and reports, while our long-term cooperative relationships with significant factories ensure stable and sufficient supply sources. We offer flexible transportation solutions, including sea, land, and air shipping, to serve our global markets, spanning North America, Mexico, European countries including Poland, Hungary, France, and the United Kingdom, as well as South American nations such as Brazil, Argentina, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Chile, Uruguay, and Paraguay.Beyond raw material supply, Nutri Avenue provides comprehensive OEM en ODM diensten, offering one-stop solutions from raw material procurement to product customization. To meet our customers’ diverse needs, Nutri Avenue offers versatile manufacturing options, including capsules, soft gels, tablets, powders, and oils. Get in touch with us for orders and information about our products.* All ingredients from Nutri Avenue can be provided with ISO certificates.